Lele Cao

Game world modeling (GWM) and reinforcement learning (RL) are often confounded because research papers rarely quantify how difficult the underlying transition prediction problem is at the declared interface (pixels/tokens/latents with finite history). We propose the Transition Complexity Profile (TCP): a small, reproducible set of metrics that characterizes an environment’s (or gameplay dataset’s) induced transition kernel by (i) intrinsic one-step branching, (ii) interaction-induced uncertainty and opponent influence when observable, and (iii) temporal/spatial dependency span via standardized probe curves. TCP is reported with an explicit reference distribution, protocol stochasticity, and a versioned measurement budget (sampling/resampling and fixed probe compute), enabling comparable numbers across benchmarks. We outline how common game families and modern "neural game engine" domains populate this landscape and call for TCP to become standard benchmark metadata and a required statistic in GWM and RL papers. This paper positions TCP as a critical measurement layer to supplement existing evaluation methods such as downstream return, predictive losses, and qualitative rollouts. By quantifying transition branching, interaction uncertainty, and dependency span at the declared interface, TCP aims to enable interpretable cross-domain and cross-protocol comparisons, facilitate architectural choices, and provide a principled map of environment difficulty for world modeling research.

Tabular synthesis models remain ineffective in capturing complex dependencies, and the quality of synthetic data is still insufficient for comprehensive downstream tasks, such as prediction under distribution shifts, automated decision-making, and understanding cross-table relationships. A major challenge present in tabular data is the lack of prior knowledge about high-order relationships, which is defined as multivariate structural causal dependencies beyond pairwise correlations. We argue that a systematic evaluation on high-order structural information is a crucial first step in addressing this issue in tabular data synthesis. In this paper, we present high-order structural causal information as a natural form of prior knowledge and introduce a benchmark framework to evaluate tabular synthesis models. This framework allows us to generate benchmark datasets through a flexible range of data generation processes, allowing for the training of tabular synthesis models using these datasets for further evaluation. We propose multiple benchmark tasks, high-order metrics, and causal inference tasks as downstream tasks for evaluating the quality of synthetic data generated by the trained models. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the benchmark framework in evaluating the model’s ability to capture high-order structural causal information. Furthermore, our benchmarking results provide an initial assessment of state-of-the-art tabular synthesis models. These results reveal significant gaps between ideal and actual performance and highlight how baseline methods differ. We open source the benchmark framework, including both code and data along with documentation, to support further research in this area.

We present COLA, a framework designed to streamline counterfactual explanations by reducing unnecessary feature modifications. The method combines optimal transport techniques with Shapley-based attribution to identify minimal edits while maintaining prediction changes. Our approach shows theoretical guarantees on divergence bounds and empirically achieves target outcomes using only 26-45% of the original feature modifications across multiple datasets and models.

This paper addresses limitations in retrieval-augmented generation systems for handling how-to questions. It proposes THREAD, a novel data organization approach using logic units rather than fixed-size chunks. Extensive experiments across both open-domain and industrial settings show that THREAD outperforms existing paradigms significantly, improving the success rate of handling how-to questions by 21% to 33%. The method also reduces retrieval information by up to 75% and generalizes better to multi-hop questions.

CSPaper Review is a free, AI-powered tool for rapid, conference-specific peer review in Computer Science. The system addresses existing limitations by utilizing Large Language Models (LLMs) agents and tailored workflows to deliver realistic and actionable reviews within one minute. Within its first four weeks, the tool attracted over 7,000 unique users from 80 countries and processed more than 15,000 reviews, demonstrating strong demand from the CS community. This paper presents the system’s architecture, design decisions, performance benchmarks, user analytics, and future development plans.

Prompt tuning has emerged as a key technique for adapting large pre-trained Decision Transformers (DTs) in offline Reinforcement Learning (RL), particularly in multi-task and few-shot settings. The Prompting Decision Transformer (PDT) enables task generalization via trajectory prompts sampled uniformly from expert demonstrations – without accounting for prompt informativeness. In this work, we propose a bandit-based prompt-tuning method that learns to construct optimal trajectory prompts from demonstration data at inference time. We devise a structured bandit architecture operating in the trajectory prompt space, achieving linear rather than combinatorial scaling with prompt size. Additionally, we show that the pre-trained PDT itself can serve as a powerful feature extractor for the bandit, enabling efficient reward modeling across various environments. We theoretically establish regret bounds and demonstrate empirically that our method consistently enhances performance across a wide range of tasks, high-dimensional environments, and out-of-distribution scenarios, outperforming existing baselines in prompt tuning.

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved strong performance across a range of graph representation learning tasks, yet their adversarial robustness in graph classification remains underexplored compared to node classification. While most existing defenses focus on the message-passing component, this work investigates the overlooked role of pooling operations in shaping robustness. We present a theoretical analysis of standard flat pooling methods (sum, average and max), deriving upper bounds on their adversarial risk and identifying their vulnerabilities under different attack scenarios and graph structures. Motivated by these insights, we propose Robust Singular Pooling (RS-Pool), a novel pooling strategy that leverages the dominant singular vector of the node embedding matrix to construct a robust graph-level representation. We theoretically investigate the robustness of RS-Pool and interpret the resulting bound leading to improved understanding of our proposed pooling operator. While our analysis centers on Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs), RS-Pool is model-agnostic and can be implemented efficiently via power iteration. Empirical results on real-world benchmarks show that RS-Pool provides better robustness than the considered pooling methods when subject to state-of-the-art adversarial attacks while maintaining competitive clean accuracy.

Transformer models have become the dominant backbone for sequence modeling, leveraging self-attention to produce contextualized token representations. These are typically aggregated into fixed-size vectors via pooling operations for downstream tasks. While much of the literature has focused on attention mechanisms, the role of pooling remains underexplored despite its critical impact on model behavior. In this paper, we introduce a theoretical framework that rigorously characterizes the expressivity of Transformer-based models equipped with widely used pooling methods by deriving closed-form bounds on their representational capacity and the ability to distinguish similar inputs. Our analysis extends to different variations of attention formulations, demonstrating that these bounds hold across diverse architectural variants. We empirically evaluate pooling strategies across tasks requiring both global and local contextual understanding, spanning three major modalities: computer vision, natural language processing, and time-series analysis. Results reveal consistent trends in how pooling choices affect accuracy, sensitivity, and optimization behavior. Our findings unify theoretical and empirical perspectives, providing practical guidance for selecting or designing pooling mechanisms suited to specific tasks. This work positions pooling as a key architectural component in Transformer models and lays the foundation for more principled model design beyond attention alone.

We introduce a novel approach to counterfactual explanations by shifting focus from individual counterfactuals to the distributional properties of observed and counterfactual data. Using optimal transport, we formulate a chance-constrained optimization problem that enables counterfactual distributions to align with factual distributions while matching target model outputs. Our method accounts for feature dependencies, supports continuous, categorical, and mixed data types, and handles multi-class classification, multi-label classification, and regression tasks. Evaluated across diverse datasets, our approach outperforms strong baselines in generating high-quality counterfactual distributions with respect to realism and minimality.

Time Series Representation Learning (TSRL) focuses on generating informative representations for various Time Series (TS) modeling tasks. Traditional Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) methods in TSRL fall into four main categories: reconstructive, adversarial, contrastive, and predictive, each with a common challenge of sensitivity to noise and intricate data nuances. Recently, diffusion-based methods have shown advanced generative capabilities. However, they primarily target specific application scenarios like imputation and forecasting, leaving a gap in leveraging diffusion models for generic TSRL. Our work, Time Series Diffusion Embedding (TSDE), bridges this gap as the first diffusion-based SSL TSRL approach. TSDE segments TS data into observed and masked parts using an Imputation-Interpolation-Forecasting (IIF) mask. It applies a trainable embedding function, featuring dual-orthogonal Transformer encoders with a crossover mechanism, to the observed part. We train a reverse diffusion process conditioned on the embeddings, designed to predict noise added to the masked part. Extensive experiments demonstrate TSDE’s superiority in imputation, interpolation, forecasting, anomaly detection, classification, and clustering. We also conduct an ablation study, present embedding visualizations, and compare inference speed, further substantiating TSDE’s efficiency and validity in learning representations of TS data.

Many adaptations of transformers have emerged to address the single-modal vision tasks, where self-attention modules are stacked to handle input sources like images. Intuitively, feeding multiple modalities of data to vision transformers could improve the performance, yet the inner-modal attentive weights may be diluted, which could thus greatly undermine the final performance. In this paper, we propose a multimodal token fusion method (TokenFusion), tailored for transformer-based vision tasks. To effectively fuse multiple modalities, TokenFusion dynamically detects uninformative tokens and substitute these tokens with projected and aggregated inter-modal features. Residual positional alignment is also adopted to enable explicit utilization of the inter-modal alignments after fusion. The design of TokenFusion allows the transformer to learn correlations among multimodal features, while the single-modal transformer architecture remains largely intact. Extensive experiments are conducted on a variety of homogeneous and heterogeneous modalities and demonstrate that TokenFusion surpasses state-of-the-art methods in three typical vision tasks: multimodal image-to-image translation, RGB-depth semantic segmentation, and 3D object detection with point cloud and images.